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Antenatal Screening
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Making decisions about screening :
Thinking about screening and what it is for
Special reasons for wanting screening
Reasons for not having some or all screening
Discussing screening choices with your partner
Attitudes to disability and termination
Information for making decisions
Experiences of screening :
Nuchal translucency scan (low risk results)
Nuchal scan (being told something may be wrong)
Early dating scans
Blood test screening
18-20 week scan (low risk results)
18-20 week scan (being told something may be wrong)
Understanding screening test results
Having further tests and getting results :
Deciding whether to have further diagnostic tests
Having further tests and waiting for results
Getting diagnostic test results
Thoughts, discussions and info after diagnosis
Deciding to continue with the pregnancy :
Making the decision to continue with the pregnancy
What the rest of pregnancy and birth was like
Feelings about screening looking back
Deciding to end the pregnancy :
Making the decision to end the pregnancy
The experience of ending a pregnancy
Feelings and reflections afterwards
Views on screening & feelings in later pregnancies
When screening does not detect a condition :
Learning after birth that the baby has a condition
How it has affected parents' views about screening
Living with disabilities or a chronic condition :
Living with a child with a long term condition
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Antenatal Screening
Subject index
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Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN29
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She had a cordocentesis when a heart condition was diagnosed in her fifth pregnancy, to check if the baby had Down's syndrome as well. They needed to
After four miscarriages, scan in fifth pregnancy found heart defects. Couple decided to continue the pregnancy. Son, now 4, has had some additional problems. Pregnant at time of interview.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN29
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She had a routine fetal heart scan because she was diabetic, and was shocked to discover the baby had a heart condition.
After four miscarriages, scan in fifth pregnancy found heart defects. Couple decided to continue the pregnancy. Son, now 4, has had some additional problems. Pregnant at time of interview.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN29
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The information from screening and diagnosis helped them in deciding to continue with the pregnancy. They were offered the option of ending the pregna
After four miscarriages, scan in fifth pregnancy found heart defects. Couple decided to continue the pregnancy. Son, now 4, has had some additional problems. Pregnant at time of interview.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN29
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She was terrified for her son when she had a premature emergency caesarean and he had to be resuscitated.
After four miscarriages, scan in fifth pregnancy found heart defects. Couple decided to continue the pregnancy. Son, now 4, has had some additional problems. Pregnant at time of interview.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN29
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Her son's heart condition turned out to be more serious than expected but she still felt screening was valuable.
After four miscarriages, scan in fifth pregnancy found heart defects. Couple decided to continue the pregnancy. Son, now 4, has had some additional problems. Pregnant at time of interview.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN29
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In her next pregnancy she had screening again. She would not want to see another baby suffer like her son.
After four miscarriages, scan in fifth pregnancy found heart defects. Couple decided to continue the pregnancy. Son, now 4, has had some additional problems. Pregnant at time of interview.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN29
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The results of a brain scan at 9 months suggested their son had severe brain damage, but they were determined not to give up hope. He was now at a mai
After four miscarriages, scan in fifth pregnancy found heart defects. Couple decided to continue the pregnancy. Son, now 4, has had some additional problems. Pregnant at time of interview.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN30
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Knowing before birth that their son would have special needs enabled them to make practical arrangements in advance.
Down's syndrome suspected at nuchal scan. Couple declined amniocentesis and continued with the pregnancy. Further scans suggested heart problems (operated on successfully since baby's birth).
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN30
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They would want to continue with the pregnancy unless they felt their baby could not give and receive love, or if his heart condition had been inopera
Down's syndrome suspected at nuchal scan. Couple declined amniocentesis and continued with the pregnancy. Further scans suggested heart problems (operated on successfully since baby's birth).
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN30
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They wanted to be treated as normal expectant parents, and she joined local NHS antenatal classes.
Down's syndrome suspected at nuchal scan. Couple declined amniocentesis and continued with the pregnancy. Further scans suggested heart problems (operated on successfully since baby's birth).
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN30
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During pregnancy they went to meet other families and people with disabilities to help their decision-making.
Down's syndrome suspected at nuchal scan. Couple declined amniocentesis and continued with the pregnancy. Further scans suggested heart problems (operated on successfully since baby's birth).
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN30
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They decided to have heart scans only and not amniocentesis. Staff pushed them to consider this carefully.
Down's syndrome suspected at nuchal scan. Couple declined amniocentesis and continued with the pregnancy. Further scans suggested heart problems (operated on successfully since baby's birth).
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN30
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Meeting someone who had a baby with Down's syndrome made her re-think whether she should have amniocentesis, but her GP helped clarify her thoughts.
Down's syndrome suspected at nuchal scan. Couple declined amniocentesis and continued with the pregnancy. Further scans suggested heart problems (operated on successfully since baby's birth).
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Baby's condition detected after birth
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Interview AN03
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The mother thought something was wrong with her baby after birth, but everyone reassured her till the baby developed pneumonia when she was several we
Daughter born November 2000 with congenital heart problems not detected by antenatal screening, diagnosed when the baby was 10 weeks old. Corrective surgery at 11 months and 2 years.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Baby's condition detected after birth
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Interview AN03
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It was terrifying to be referred to a specialist hospital as an emergency, but also a relief to have a clear diagnosis of their baby's heart problems.
Daughter born November 2000 with congenital heart problems not detected by antenatal screening, diagnosed when the baby was 10 weeks old. Corrective surgery at 11 months and 2 years.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Baby's condition detected after birth
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Interview AN03
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They were readmitted to hospital two weeks later and felt helpless watching their baby struggle for life. (She has since been operated on successfully
Daughter born November 2000 with congenital heart problems not detected by antenatal screening, diagnosed when the baby was 10 weeks old. Corrective surgery at 11 months and 2 years.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Baby's condition detected after birth
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Interview AN03
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One doctor at the specialist hospital told them their daughter's heart condition should have been detected at the 20-week scan.
Daughter born November 2000 with congenital heart problems not detected by antenatal screening, diagnosed when the baby was 10 weeks old. Corrective surgery at 11 months and 2 years.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Baby's condition detected after birth
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Interview AN03
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They would like to have their scan pictures reviewed by a specialist to know whether their daughter's heart condition could have been detected before
Daughter born November 2000 with congenital heart problems not detected by antenatal screening, diagnosed when the baby was 10 weeks old. Corrective surgery at 11 months and 2 years.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Baby's condition detected after birth
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Interview AN03
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They were glad they did not know the diagnosis before birth, as it would have made them worry throughout pregnancy and perhaps created pressure to hav
Daughter born November 2000 with congenital heart problems not detected by antenatal screening, diagnosed when the baby was 10 weeks old. Corrective surgery at 11 months and 2 years.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Baby's condition detected after birth
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Interview AN03
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It helped to meet other parents of children with heart problems in hospital. Their shared experience brought them together.
Daughter born November 2000 with congenital heart problems not detected by antenatal screening, diagnosed when the baby was 10 weeks old. Corrective surgery at 11 months and 2 years.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN04
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Meeting the oldest surviving child with hypoplastic left heart helped her imagine a future for her son. She felt she had been unprepared for how tough
Hypoplastic left heart diagnosed after scan and amniocentesis at 25 weeks in second pregnancy. Decided to continue with the pregnancy. Son is now 2.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN04
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The rest of pregnancy was focused on the baby's survival. She felt she could not take part in normal pregnancy experiences, including antenatal classe
Hypoplastic left heart diagnosed after scan and amniocentesis at 25 weeks in second pregnancy. Decided to continue with the pregnancy. Son is now 2.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN04
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Finding out before birth that her son had a serious heart condition probably saved his life.
Hypoplastic left heart diagnosed after scan and amniocentesis at 25 weeks in second pregnancy. Decided to continue with the pregnancy. Son is now 2.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN04
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They decided against termination, but had amniocentesis to check if the baby had a chromosomal condition as well as a heart condition.
Hypoplastic left heart diagnosed after scan and amniocentesis at 25 weeks in second pregnancy. Decided to continue with the pregnancy. Son is now 2.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN04
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She went for a routine repeat anomaly scan at 24-5 weeks in her second pregnancy, not expecting anything unusual would be found. She was alone with he
Hypoplastic left heart diagnosed after scan and amniocentesis at 25 weeks in second pregnancy. Decided to continue with the pregnancy. Son is now 2.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN04
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She felt anxious when staff talked to each other and not to her, when they spotted the baby's heart problems at her anomaly scan.
Hypoplastic left heart diagnosed after scan and amniocentesis at 25 weeks in second pregnancy. Decided to continue with the pregnancy. Son is now 2.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN04
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Before deciding to continue with the pregnancy, she made herself think through all her options, none of which seemed bearable.
Hypoplastic left heart diagnosed after scan and amniocentesis at 25 weeks in second pregnancy. Decided to continue with the pregnancy. Son is now 2.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN06
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The hope that their son's heart defect could be treated kept them going.
Third pregnancy, after two miscarriages. Nuchal scan suggested problems; CVS ruled out Down's syndrome but heart problems identified by further scan. Baby born March 2003, successful surgery completed.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN06
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The internet was a valuable source of information, and helped them identify questions to ask about their son's heart condition. Their doctors always r
Third pregnancy, after two miscarriages. Nuchal scan suggested problems; CVS ruled out Down's syndrome but heart problems identified by further scan. Baby born March 2003, successful surgery completed.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN06
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They felt lucky their son's heart condition was detected early, and would make the same screening decisions again.
Third pregnancy, after two miscarriages. Nuchal scan suggested problems; CVS ruled out Down's syndrome but heart problems identified by further scan. Baby born March 2003, successful surgery completed.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN07
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It was very traumatic to hand over their son for heart surgery, but now his heart problem is corrected he can have a normal life.
Third pregnancy, after two miscarriages. Nuchal translucency scan suggested problems; CVS ruled out Down's syndrome but heart problems identified by further scan. Baby born March 2003, successful surgery completed.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN07
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They thought through how they felt about different conditions and whether they would want to continue with the pregnancy. She felt she might not get a
Third pregnancy, after two miscarriages. Nuchal translucency scan suggested problems; CVS ruled out Down's syndrome but heart problems identified by further scan. Baby born March 2003, successful surgery completed.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN07
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She quickly realised in the heart scan that something was wrong with the baby's heart, and the silence was unnerving.
Third pregnancy, after two miscarriages. Nuchal translucency scan suggested problems; CVS ruled out Down's syndrome but heart problems identified by further scan. Baby born March 2003, successful surgery completed.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN07
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Joining local NCT antenatal classes was generally a positive experience, although occasionally the information did not apply to her.
Third pregnancy, after two miscarriages. Nuchal translucency scan suggested problems; CVS ruled out Down's syndrome but heart problems identified by further scan. Baby born March 2003, successful surgery completed.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN07
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After a difficult labour, during which the baby's heart stopped, staff eventually agreed to do a caesarean.
Third pregnancy, after two miscarriages. Nuchal translucency scan suggested problems; CVS ruled out Down's syndrome but heart problems identified by further scan. Baby born March 2003, successful surgery completed.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN41
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Although it was horrible at the time, having her son's heart condition diagnosed before birth probably saved his life.
Their son was diagnosed with Tricuspid Atresia, a large VSD, ASD, small right ventricle & small pulmonary artery. Treatment: Modified BT Shunt & Atrial Septostomy at 24 hrs old. Cardiac catheters & further operations planned when their child is older. Current Medication: diuretics, aspirin, sytron, anti-reflux and lactulose. More of this interview can be seen on the DIPEX Congenital Heart Disease site as interview CHD03.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN41
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They were given useful information about the condition and about termination, but it was difficult to have to read about termination.
Their son was diagnosed with Tricuspid Atresia, a large VSD, ASD, small right ventricle & small pulmonary artery. Treatment: Modified BT Shunt & Atrial Septostomy at 24 hrs old. Cardiac catheters & further operations planned when their child is older. Current Medication: diuretics, aspirin, sytron, anti-reflux and lactulose. More of this interview can be seen on the DIPEX Congenital Heart Disease site as interview CHD03.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN42
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Discovering her baby had a heart condition made the pregnancy traumatic. She would rather not have known during pregnancy.
Their daughter was diagnosed with Hypoplastic Right Heart Syndrome, Tricuspid Valve, Coarctation of the Aorta, Transposition of the Great Arteries. Treatment: A banding operation at 22 hrs old, repeated at 1 week old. A cardiac catheter at 10 months and a CP shunt at 1 yr. Further palliative operations planned. Current Medication: Phenoxybenzamine Hydrochloride. More of this interview can be seen on the DIPEX Congenital Heart Disease site as interview CHD06.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN43
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They had made it clear they wanted to continue the pregnancy, and were offended that termination was offered as an option.
Their son was diagnosed with Hypoplastic Left Ventricle, VSD, Mitral Atresia, Pulmonary Atresia, Right Atrial Isomerism, aorta arising from the right ventricle, TAPVD and Bilateral Superior Vena Cava and no spleen. Treatment: modified BT shunt (6 days old) open heart surgery (3 months and 6 months), 1st stage Fontan (10 months). Further surgery planned. Current medication: Warfarin, Enanapril, Frusemide, Penicillin. More of this interview can be seen on the DIPEX Congenital Heart Disease site as interview CHD07.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN43
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She was glad they discovered their son's heart condition late in pregnancy, so they had less time to worry.
Their son was diagnosed with Hypoplastic Left Ventricle, VSD, Mitral Atresia, Pulmonary Atresia, Right Atrial Isomerism, aorta arising from the right ventricle, TAPVD and Bilateral Superior Vena Cava and no spleen. Treatment: modified BT shunt (6 days old) open heart surgery (3 months and 6 months), 1st stage Fontan (10 months). Further surgery planned. Current medication: Warfarin, Enanapril, Frusemide, Penicillin. More of this interview can be seen on the DIPEX Congenital Heart Disease site as interview CHD07.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN44
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If her daughter's heart condition had not been found through antenatal screening, it might not have been detected until adulthood.
Their daughter was diagnosed with ostium primum Atrial Septal Defect (ASD). Treatment: Surgery at 18 months old to close the hole with a dacron patch. Stitches in the mitral valve. No further surgery planned. Current medication: none. More of this interview can be seen on the DIPEX Congenital Heart Disease site as interview CHD12.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN45
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The hospital advised against meeting parents of babies with Down's syndrome. She did not get in touch with support groups.
Their son was diagnosed with a complete Atrioventricular Septal Defect (AVSD), pulmonary atresia and right atrial isomerism. Other problems: No spleen and mal-rotation of the gut. Treatment: A BT shunt at 24 hrs old, followed by the Glenn procedure at 6 months. More of this interview can be seen on the DIPEX Congenital Heart Disease site as interview CHD14.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN46
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She was glad she did not know about her daughter's heart problem before birth, but in her second pregnancy she did want to know if there was a problem
Their daughter was diagnosed with pulmonary atresia, VSD & an overiding aorta. Treatment: closed heart surgery (shunt) at 11 days old, closed heart surgery (shunt) at 11 months old. Corrective open heart surgery at 2½ yrs old. Current medication: none. More of this interview can be seen on the DIPEX Congenital Heart Disease site as interview CHD30.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Ending an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN39
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They were worried about what life would be like for a child with a severe heart condition, and how it would affect family life with their older daught
Hypoplastic left heart suspected at 19-week scan, confirmed by cardiac scan. Couple decided to end the pregnancy. Chose amniocentesis in next pregnancy (baby born 2002).
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Ending an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN39
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She wondered if staff might be critical of her decision to end the pregnancy, but found them caring and supportive.
Hypoplastic left heart suspected at 19-week scan, confirmed by cardiac scan. Couple decided to end the pregnancy. Chose amniocentesis in next pregnancy (baby born 2002).
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Ending an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN39
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She had a fetal heart scan straight after the 20-week scan in her fourth pregnancy, and staff explained her baby's heart condition very clearly.
Hypoplastic left heart suspected at 19-week scan, confirmed by cardiac scan. Couple decided to end the pregnancy. Chose amniocentesis in next pregnancy (baby born 2002).
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Ending an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN39
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The hospital was sensitive in the way it gave her information about the baby's heart condition and the possibility of ending the pregnancy.
Hypoplastic left heart suspected at 19-week scan, confirmed by cardiac scan. Couple decided to end the pregnancy. Chose amniocentesis in next pregnancy (baby born 2002).
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Ending an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN39
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You can never predict how you would react if you found out something was wrong with your baby.
Hypoplastic left heart suspected at 19-week scan, confirmed by cardiac scan. Couple decided to end the pregnancy. Chose amniocentesis in next pregnancy (baby born 2002).
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