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Pregnancy & children
Antenatal Screening
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Making decisions about screening :
Thinking about screening and what it is for
Special reasons for wanting screening
Reasons for not having some or all screening
Discussing screening choices with your partner
Attitudes to disability and termination
Information for making decisions
Experiences of screening :
Nuchal translucency scan (low risk results)
Nuchal scan (being told something may be wrong)
Early dating scans
Blood test screening
18-20 week scan (low risk results)
18-20 week scan (being told something may be wrong)
Understanding screening test results
Having further tests and getting results :
Deciding whether to have further diagnostic tests
Having further tests and waiting for results
Getting diagnostic test results
Thoughts, discussions and info after diagnosis
Deciding to continue with the pregnancy :
Making the decision to continue with the pregnancy
What the rest of pregnancy and birth was like
Feelings about screening looking back
Deciding to end the pregnancy :
Making the decision to end the pregnancy
The experience of ending a pregnancy
Feelings and reflections afterwards
Views on screening & feelings in later pregnancies
When screening does not detect a condition :
Learning after birth that the baby has a condition
How it has affected parents' views about screening
Living with disabilities or a chronic condition :
Living with a child with a long term condition
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Antenatal Screening
Subject index
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Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Ending an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN32
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They felt very well looked after at the specialist hospital they were referred to, and her partner felt more involved.
Problems detected in first pregnancy at routine 12 week dating scan - confirmed as Edward's syndrome by CVS. Couple decided to end the pregnancy. Now pregnant again.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Ending an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN32
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Seeing the baby reassured her that the diagnosis of Edwards' syndrome was correct. Her husband chose not to look.
Problems detected in first pregnancy at routine 12 week dating scan - confirmed as Edward's syndrome by CVS. Couple decided to end the pregnancy. Now pregnant again.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Normal results or declining screening
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Interview AN08
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She and her husband enjoyed the scan, and it made the pregnancy seem real, for him especially.
Normal first pregnancy, routine screening experiences. Private care throughout pregnancy.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Baby's condition detected after birth
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Interview AN10
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Although it was a shock to find her baby had hydrocephalus, she now feels her daughter has been a very positive influence on her life and given her ne
Baby born in April 2002 with hydrocephalus which had not been picked up during screening. Baby has had surgery and is making good progress.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Normal results or declining screening
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Interview AN13
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When staff spotted something unusual during the 20-week scan, she was very anxious and would have liked more immediate explanation.
Healthy pregnancy after 2 miscarriages; following nuchal scan results they considered amniocentesis and decided against. Baby born healthy, although mother had obstetric cholestasis in late pregnancy.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Normal results or declining screening
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Interview AN13
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They discussed at length what they would do with screening results, but he felt he should support his partner's decision.
Healthy pregnancy after 2 miscarriages; following nuchal scan results they considered amniocentesis and decided against. Baby born healthy, although mother had obstetric cholestasis in late pregnancy.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Normal results or declining screening
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Interview AN13
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She knew at once something was wrong at her first 12-week scan, when it was discovered the baby had died. It would have helped to know more about misc
Healthy pregnancy after 2 miscarriages; following nuchal scan results they considered amniocentesis and decided against. Baby born healthy, although mother had obstetric cholestasis in late pregnancy.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Ending an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN16
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Deciding whether to continue or end a pregnancy can place great strain on relationships. It has to be a joint decision.
Anencephaly detected at 20-week scan in first pregnancy. Considered continuing the pregnancy but eventually decided to induce labour early. Second pregnancy miscarried. Now pregnant again.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Ending an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN17
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She considered not having any screening in her next pregnancy. Screening is valuable but sometimes raises more questions than it answers.
Hydrocephalus detected by 20-week scan and amniocentesis in first pregnancy. Felt the decision to end the pregnancy was rushed. Miscarriage and two healthy pregnancies since.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Ending an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN17
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Sometimes she wishes she had not made the decision to end the pregnancy so quickly, and has mixed feelings about whether she did the right thing.
Hydrocephalus detected by 20-week scan and amniocentesis in first pregnancy. Felt the decision to end the pregnancy was rushed. Miscarriage and two healthy pregnancies since.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Ending an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN17
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She wished in retrospect they had taken longer to make the decision to end the pregnancy.
Hydrocephalus detected by 20-week scan and amniocentesis in first pregnancy. Felt the decision to end the pregnancy was rushed. Miscarriage and two healthy pregnancies since.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Normal results or declining screening
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Interview AN23
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She and her partner agreed quickly what they'd do with screening results, but it was difficult to start the discussion.
After initial contact with NHS, decided to have antenatal care in France, including 3 scans with normal results. Baby born 2 months early in England.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Normal results or declining screening
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Interview AN23
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At her 20-week scan in France she was given detailed information and explanation. She and her husband were very reassured.
After initial contact with NHS, decided to have antenatal care in France, including 3 scans with normal results. Baby born 2 months early in England.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN29
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In her next pregnancy she had screening again. She would not want to see another baby suffer like her son.
After four miscarriages, scan in fifth pregnancy found heart defects. Couple decided to continue the pregnancy. Son, now 4, has had some additional problems. Pregnant at time of interview.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN29
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In an early heart scan in her current pregnancy the sonographer was friendly and welcoming, and made her husband feel involved.
After four miscarriages, scan in fifth pregnancy found heart defects. Couple decided to continue the pregnancy. Son, now 4, has had some additional problems. Pregnant at time of interview.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN30
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They would want to continue with the pregnancy unless they felt their baby could not give and receive love, or if his heart condition had been inopera
Down's syndrome suspected at nuchal scan. Couple declined amniocentesis and continued with the pregnancy. Further scans suggested heart problems (operated on successfully since baby's birth).
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN30
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They are optimistic about their son's future because social attitudes towards Down's syndrome are continuing to improve.
Down's syndrome suspected at nuchal scan. Couple declined amniocentesis and continued with the pregnancy. Further scans suggested heart problems (operated on successfully since baby's birth).
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Ending an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN31
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The hospital had a special room for people experiencing a termination. The midwives were very supportive to both parents.
Problems detected in first pregnancy at nuchal scan - confirmed as Down's syndrome by CVS. Couple decided to end the pregnancy. Subsequent normal pregnancy and birth.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Ending an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN31
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They were both very upset, and couldn't talk about what they would do until they had the CVS (Chorionic Villus Sampling) results.
Problems detected in first pregnancy at nuchal scan - confirmed as Down's syndrome by CVS. Couple decided to end the pregnancy. Subsequent normal pregnancy and birth.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Ending an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN35
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CVS (Chorionic Villus Sampling) was much more painful than they expected, but it was worth it to have a definite diagnosis.
Combined nuchal scan/blood test suggested high risk; early results ruled out trisomies but subsequently diagnosed a severe form of Turner's syndrome. Couple decided to end the pregnancy; now pregnant again.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Ending an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN35
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The father could not face looking at the baby afterwards, but the mother did. The hospital chaplain performed a naming ceremony.
Combined nuchal scan/blood test suggested high risk; early results ruled out trisomies but subsequently diagnosed a severe form of Turner's syndrome. Couple decided to end the pregnancy; now pregnant again.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Ending an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN35
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The father felt more certain than the mother that they had done the right thing. Going back to work helped him recover.
Combined nuchal scan/blood test suggested high risk; early results ruled out trisomies but subsequently diagnosed a severe form of Turner's syndrome. Couple decided to end the pregnancy; now pregnant again.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Ending an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN36
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Counselling after the termination helped her and her husband understand their different ways of grieving.
Nuchal scan in first pregnancy gave low risk result, but anomaly scan at 21 weeks detected abnormalities, confirmed as Edwards' syndrome by amniocentesis. Couple decided to end the pregnancy.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Ending an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN36
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At the 20-week scan, the sonographer seemed bored. When he started to find problems she found it hard to grasp.
Nuchal scan in first pregnancy gave low risk result, but anomaly scan at 21 weeks detected abnormalities, confirmed as Edwards' syndrome by amniocentesis. Couple decided to end the pregnancy.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Normal results or declining screening
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Interview AN37
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Although he enjoyed the 20-week scan, it was buying baby clothes that made the pregnancy seem real.
Couple declined screening on principle in previous two and current pregnancy. Had a scan at around 20 weeks in two pregnancies for dating purposes only.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Normal results or declining screening
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Interview AN01
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When she and her husband discussed their feelings about disability after screening, they discovered they had different views.
Normal first pregnancy, routine screening experiences. Had to spend time in hospital late in pregnancy for investigation of bleeding.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Ending an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN02
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She found the CVS (Chorionic Villus Sampling) quick but very painful, and her husband found it very difficult to watch.
1997 - nuchal scan and CVS confirmed Down's syndrome - decided to end the pregnancy. Has since had a healthy baby and is now pregnant again. Had CVS again.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Normal results or declining screening
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Interview AN11
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She and her partner had different views about what they would do with the results of screening tests, so they postponed further discussion.
Normal first pregnancy; screening carried out in US, before return to UK when 6 months pregnant. Declined amniocentesis (offered as standard). Compares US and UK.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Baby's condition detected after birth
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Interview AN03
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It helped to meet other parents of children with heart problems in hospital. Their shared experience brought them together.
Daughter born November 2000 with congenital heart problems not detected by antenatal screening, diagnosed when the baby was 10 weeks old. Corrective surgery at 11 months and 2 years.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Normal results or declining screening
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Interview AN05
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The 12-week scan helped check for twins and was a moving experience. The sonographer explained everything.
4 months pregnant. Normal screening results. One scan in early pregnancy, no other scans planned. Alphafetoprotein results not yet received.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Normal results or declining screening
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Interview AN05
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She thought about not having screening, but her husband was in favour of having every test available, for reassurance.
4 months pregnant. Normal screening results. One scan in early pregnancy, no other scans planned. Alphafetoprotein results not yet received.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN06
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The internet was a valuable source of information, and helped them identify questions to ask about their son's heart condition. Their doctors always r
Third pregnancy, after two miscarriages. Nuchal scan suggested problems; CVS ruled out Down's syndrome but heart problems identified by further scan. Baby born March 2003, successful surgery completed.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN06
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The hope that their son's heart defect could be treated kept them going.
Third pregnancy, after two miscarriages. Nuchal scan suggested problems; CVS ruled out Down's syndrome but heart problems identified by further scan. Baby born March 2003, successful surgery completed.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN07
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They thought through how they felt about different conditions and whether they would want to continue with the pregnancy. She felt she might not get a
Third pregnancy, after two miscarriages. Nuchal translucency scan suggested problems; CVS ruled out Down's syndrome but heart problems identified by further scan. Baby born March 2003, successful surgery completed.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Normal results or declining screening
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Interview AN22
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The person doing her 20-week scan said it was a waste of money if people would not consider termination.
Declined all screening except 20-week anomaly scan in two most recent pregnancies.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Normal results or declining screening
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Interview AN09
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She and her husband had different views about how they would cope with a child with physical or learning disabilities.
Routine screening in two pregnancies - declined screening for Down's syndrome. Family history of hydrocephalus led to early prenatal counselling but no risk identified.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN38
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They continued the pregnancy because they needed to know in future they had given their baby every chance.
Problems detected at 20-week scan. Amniocentesis confirmed Patau's syndrome. Couple decided to proceed with pregnancy. Baby born at 35 weeks and died after 3 minutes.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN38
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It was a relief to decide to continue with the pregnancy, but also a time of grief.
Problems detected at 20-week scan. Amniocentesis confirmed Patau's syndrome. Couple decided to proceed with pregnancy. Baby born at 35 weeks and died after 3 minutes.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN38
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Local healthcare staff offered them support at home, including massage and relaxation. Pregnancy was precious time with their unborn son.
Problems detected at 20-week scan. Amniocentesis confirmed Patau's syndrome. Couple decided to proceed with pregnancy. Baby born at 35 weeks and died after 3 minutes.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Continuing with an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN38
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The mother continued to attend a mums and toddlers group, even though it was hard seeing other people with healthy babies.
Problems detected at 20-week scan. Amniocentesis confirmed Patau's syndrome. Couple decided to proceed with pregnancy. Baby born at 35 weeks and died after 3 minutes.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Ending an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN40
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She decided not to look at the baby, but sometimes wonders if it would have helped. She has kept photographs.
Down's syndrome detected by amniocentesis in first pregnancy. Couple decided to end the pregnancy. Baby son born since.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Ending an affected pregnancy
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Interview AN40
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It was hard taking the mifepristone tablets to prepare for the termination. She kept wondering if the diagnosis was wrong.
Down's syndrome detected by amniocentesis in first pregnancy. Couple decided to end the pregnancy. Baby son born since.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Normal results or declining screening
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Interview AN21
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She did not want to influence her husband's views about screening, but they found they agreed.
Normal first pregnancy; some early scanning after bleeding in first trimester. Screening includes nuchal translucency scan and blood testing.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Normal results or declining screening
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Interview AN34
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She and her partner agreed quickly about screening but their views might change now they already have a baby.
Routine screening experiences. Healthy baby born 2002.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Normal results or declining screening
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Interview AN34
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She really enjoyed seeing the baby at the 20-week scan. She would have liked to choose which photograph to have.
Routine screening experiences. Healthy baby born 2002.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Normal results or declining screening
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Interview AN33
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Screening cannot give you definite information and having further tests would mean more anxiety.
Couple declined all early screening in two pregnancies, because they would not consider terminating an affected pregnancy, but did have 20-week anomaly scans. Currently pregnant.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Normal results or declining screening
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Interview AN25
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The 12-week scan was a wonderful experience for them, but the staff seemed to treat it as very routine.
Two normal pregnancies. Nuchal scan not available locally, so had blood screening. Unable to have 20-week scan in first pregnancy because of staff shortages.
Pregnancy & children
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Antenatal Screening
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Normal results or declining screening
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Interview AN28
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She felt by the time of the 20-week scan it would be too late to consider ending the pregnancy.
Healthy pregnancy after an early miscarriage. Interviewee has a brother with severe learning disabilities and describes having genetic screening and counselling in early pregnancy.
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